Sensors for determining don/doff status of a wearable device

ABSTRACT

A head-mounted wearable device provides many functions to a user. The functions may be provided based in part on whether the device is being worn (donned) or not worn (doffed). Force sensing resistors in the device provide output indicative of forces associated with wearing the device. A time series of values indicative of the magnitude of a force may be determined. An increase or decrease in force values measured at different times may indicate that the device has been donned or doffed, respectively. If a subsequent force value does not differ substantially from a previous force value, this may indicate that the device has remained donned or doffed.

PRIORITY

This application is a divisional of, and claims priority to, U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 15/276,649, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,750,302, filed onSep. 26, 2016, entitled “Wearable Device Don/Doff Sensor”. ApplicationSer. No. 15/276,649 is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

BACKGROUND

Wearable devices provide many benefits to users, allowing easier andmore convenient access to information and services.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF FIGURES

The detailed description is set forth with reference to the accompanyingfigures. In the figures, the left-most digit(s) of a reference numberidentifies the figure in which the reference number first appears. Theuse of the same reference numbers in different figures indicates similaror identical items or features.

FIG. 1 depicts a system including a head-mounted wearable device withsensors to determine if the device is donned or doffed, according tosome implementations.

FIG. 2 provides an illustration of several sensors and output devicesthat may be used by the head-mounted wearable device, according to someimplementations.

FIG. 3 is a block diagram of electronic components of the head-mountedwearable device, according to some implementations.

FIG. 4 depicts an exterior view, from below, of the head-mountedwearable device in an unfolded configuration, according to someimplementations.

FIG. 5 depicts an enlarged cutaway view of the placement of a boneconduction (BC) speaker relative to a force sensitive resistor (FSR)sensor in a temple of the head-mounted wearable device.

FIG. 6 depicts a flow diagram of a process for determining don/doff datausing force sensitive resistor (FSR) sensors, according to someimplementations.

FIG. 7 depicts a flow diagram of a process for determining don/doff datausing a proximity sensor, according to some implementations.

FIG. 8 depicts a flow diagram of a process for determining don/doff datausing a BC microphone, according to some implementations.

FIG. 9 depicts an overhead view of the head-mounted wearable devicebeing worn by a user, according to some implementations.

FIG. 10 depicts a graph of voltage indicated by BC speaker output from apiezoelectric BC speaker during don and doff, according to someimplementations.

FIG. 11 depicts a flow diagram of a process for determining don/doffdata using output from a piezoelectric BC speaker, according to someimplementations.

FIG. 12 depicts an overhead view of the head-mounted wearable devicebeing worn by a user when a vibration is emitted by the BC speaker anddetected by the BC microphone, according to some implementations.

FIG. 13 depicts a graph of signal amplitude indicated by BC mic dataobtained while the BC speaker is emitting a vibration, according to someimplementations.

FIG. 14 depicts a flow diagram of a process for determining don/doffdata by analyzing vibrations emitted by the BC speaker and detected bythe BC microphone, according to some implementations.

While implementations are described herein by way of example, thoseskilled in the art will recognize that the implementations are notlimited to the examples or figures described. It should be understoodthat the figures and detailed description thereto are not intended tolimit implementations to the particular form disclosed but, on thecontrary, the intention is to cover all modifications, equivalents, andalternatives falling within the spirit and scope as defined by theappended claims. The headings used herein are for organizationalpurposes only and are not meant to be used to limit the scope of thedescription or the claims. As used throughout this application, the word“may” is used in a permissive sense (i.e., meaning having the potentialto), rather than the mandatory sense (i.e., meaning must). Similarly,the words “include”, “including”, and “includes” mean “including, butnot limited to”.

The structures depicted in the following figures are not necessarilyaccording to scale. Furthermore, the proportionality of one component toanother may change with different implementations. In someillustrations, the scale of a proportionate size of one structure may beexaggerated with respect to another to facilitate illustration, and notnecessarily as a limitation.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Wearable devices provide many benefits to users, allowing easier andmore convenient access to information and services. For example, ahead-mounted wearable device (HMWD) having a form factor similar toeyeglasses may provide a ubiquitous and easily worn device thatfacilitates access to information.

The HMWD may operate independently as a standalone device, or mayoperate in conjunction with another computing device. For example, theHMWD may operate in conjunction with a smartphone, tablet, networkservice operating on servers, and so forth. The HMWD includes sensorsand output devices that provide a user interface to the user. In oneimplementation, the HMWD may use the computing device to provide accessto a wide area network, compute resources, data storage, a display forimage output, and so forth.

The HMWD may be worn (donned) or not worn (doffed) by the user atdifferent times. For example, the HMWD may be donned during the day anddoffed at night prior to sleep. During the day, the user may don or doffthe HMWD for various reasons or for various purposes.

Information about whether the HMWD is donned or doffed may be used in avariety of ways. For example, when doffed, the HMWD may be placed into avery low power or “sleep” mode to reduce power consumption, thusimproving overall battery life. In another example, when doffed the HMWDmay operate sensors in an alternative mode, such as transitioning amicrophone to a far-field mode to support acquisition of speech fromfarther away. In yet another example, when donned, status informationabout the HMWD being worn may be presented to other users, such asletting them know the user is wearing the HMWD and is available forcommunication.

Sensors associated with the HMWD may be used to generate don/doff data.The don/doff data provides information indicative of the current stateof wear of the HMWD. For example, don/doff data may indicate if the HMWDis being worn or not being worn at a particular time.

The sensors may include one or more transducers or other devices thatprovide sensor data responsive to an input. Sensor data from thesesensors is processed to determine the don/doff data.

The HMWD may use force sensitive resistors (FSR) to determine don/doffdata. The HMWD may have temples which, during wear by the user, arepositioned above the ear. The FSR sensors may be arranged on each of thetemples to gather information about a contact force exerted between thetemple and the head of the user. Continuing the example, the HMWD may bedesigned such that, when worn, the temples exert a slight pressureinward towards the center of the user's head. In one implementation, ifboth the FSRs detect that the applied pressure is above a thresholdvalue for more than a specified amount of time, don/doff data isgenerated indicating the HMWD is in a “donned” state, or is being worn.Likewise, if both the FSRs detect that the applied pressure is below athreshold value for more than the specified amount of time, don/doffdata is generated indicating the HMWD is in a “doffed” state.

The HMWD may utilize a proximity sensor to determine don/doff data. Theproximity sensor may use capacitive, infrared, or other techniques todetermine the presence of an object. Don/doff data may be generatedresponsive to the proximity sensor's detection of an object, such as theuser's head.

The HMWD may utilize a bone conduction (BC) microphone to determinedon/doff data. BC microphone data may be analyzed to determine if thevibrations detected by the BC microphone are consistent with the user'shead or not. For example, the BC microphone data may be analyzed todetect the (circulatory) pulse of the user. In another example,characteristics such as a zero crossing rate (ZCR), energy of thesignal, and so forth may be assessed. Continuing the example, if the ZCRis high and the energy is low, the BC microphone is likely detectingvibrations that are not originating from the user. In anotherimplementation, a classifier or other machine learning system may betrained to classify if the BC microphone data is indicative of a donnedor doffed state.

The HMWD may include bone conduction (BC) speakers to provide audiooutput that is perceptible to the user. For example, the BC speakers maybe in contact with the head of the user and may emit vibrations into theskull. These vibrations are perceived within the head of the user assound. In some implementations, the BC speakers may utilizepiezoelectric or other mechanisms that produce a voltage or currentresponsive to a force. For example, pushing on a piezoelectric elementgenerates a time-varying voltage, as does the piezoelectric elementafter pressure is released.

The HMWD may acquire BC speaker output from the piezoelectric or othermechanism when the speaker is not being used to emit a vibration. Byanalyzing the BC speaker data, it is possible to determine if a pressureis being applied to or removed from the BC speaker. If pressure is beingapplied, the HMWD may be donned. If pressure is released, the HMWD maybe doffed.

The HMWD may utilize both the BC speaker and the BC microphone todetermine don/doff data. For example, the BC speaker may emit avibration and the BC microphone may acquire BC mic data at the sametime. When the HMWD is donned, the head of the user provides aneffective medium for the emitted vibration to travel from the BC speakerto the BC microphone. As a result, the amplitude of the signal receivedby the BC microphone is relatively high, above a threshold. Incomparison, when the HMWD is doffed, the intervening air between the BCspeaker and the BC microphone provides a relatively poor medium fortransfer of the emitted vibration. As a result, the amplitude of thesignal received by the BC microphone is relatively low, below thethreshold. By comparing the amplitude of the received BC mic dataobtained during emission of the vibration with the threshold, thedon/doff data may be determined.

In some implementations, one or more of these different sensors ortechniques may be combined. For example, input from the FSR sensors andthe use of the BC speaker to emit a vibration that is detected by the BCmicrophone may be combined to provide unambiguous don/doff data.

By using the don/doff data, overall performance of the HMWD andassociated systems are improved. For example, when doffed the device maybe placed into a low power mode and extending battery life. When donned,the device may provide status information to other services, such asindicating the device is available for use. This improves the overallefficiency of systems that interact with the HMWD by providing them withreliable information as to whether the HMWD is being worn, whichfacilitates operations such as presenting output to the user,establishing communication with the user by way of the HMWD, and soforth.

Illustrative System

FIG. 1 depicts a system 100 in which a user 102 is wearing on their head104 a head-mounted wearable device (HMWD) 106 in a general form factorof eyeglasses.

The HMWD 106 may be in communication with one or more affiliatedcomputing devices 108. For example, the HMWD 106 may communicate withthe computing device 108 using a personal area network (PAN) such asBluetooth. The computing device 108 may be used at least in part toprovide additional resources, such as access to the network, computeresources, storage, display output, and so forth. The computing devices108 may comprise a smart phone, tablet, local server, in vehiclecomputer system, and so forth. For example, the computing device 108 maycomprise a smart phone that includes a display. The display of the smartphone may be used to present a graphical user interface.

Depicted is the same user 102 at two times, time T=0 and T=1. At T=0,the user 102 has placed the HMWD 106 on their head 104, donning 110 theHMWD 106. At T=1, the user 102 has removed the HMWD 106 from their head104, doffing 112 the HMWD 106.

The HMWD 106 may include or be in communication with one or more sensors114. The sensors 114 may comprise force sensitive resistor (FSR)sensors, proximity sensors, strain gauges, bone conduction (BC)microphones, and so forth. The sensors 114 generate sensor data 116 thatis indicative of what the sensors 114 have detected. In comparison,output devices 118 generate output that may be perceived by the user102. For example, the output devices 118 may comprise bone conduction(BC) speakers, air conduction speakers, display lights, and so forth.Output data 120 is provided to the output device 118 to generate theoutput. For example, the output data 120 may comprise a pulse codemodulated (PCM) stream of audio data that is provided to the BC speakeroutput device 118 for presentation. In some implementations, outputdevices 118 may be utilized as sensors 114. For example, the BC speakermay be used to generate BC speaker data. The BC speaker data may beindicative of displacement or movement of at least a portion of the BCspeaker that results from an external applied force, such as when theuser's head 104 presses against the BC speaker. The sensors 114 and theoutput devices 118 are discussed in more detail below with regard toFIG. 2.

A processing module 122 may utilize the sensor data 116 from one or moreof the sensors 114 or from one or more of the output devices 118 used assensors 114 to determine don/doff data 124. The don/doff data 124provides information indicative of whether the HMWD 106 is donned 110 ordoffed 112. For example, the don/doff data 124 may comprise a single bitbinary value in which a “0” indicates a doffed 112 condition and a “1”indicates a donned 110 condition of the HMWD 106. The don/doff data 124may also include a timestamp. The timestamp may be indicative of a timeassociated with the acquisition of the data used to make thedetermination. The processing module 122 may implement one or more ofthe techniques described below with regard to FIGS. 6-14 to determinethe don/doff data 124.

A communication module 126 may be configured to establish communicationwith other devices. The communication module 126 may use one or morecommunication interfaces to establish communication with the otherdevices via one or more networks 128. For example, the network 128 maycomprise a personal area network, local area network, metropolitan areanetwork, wide area network, and so forth. The HMWD 106 may use thenetworks 128 to access one or more services that are provided by theother devices. For example, the HMWD 106 may establish communicationwith one or more servers 130. These one or more servers 130 may provideone or more services, such as automated speech recognition, informationretrieval, messaging, and so forth.

The communication module 126 may also be used to establishcommunications with one or more other users. This communication may bebased at least in part on the don/doff data 124. For example, the user102(1) of the HMWD 106(1) may initiate a real time call (RTC) with theuser 102(2) who is determined to be wearing an HMWD 106(2) based on thedon/doff data 124 from that device. Audio associated with the RTC may betransferred using the network 128. Management of the call may befacilitated by one or more services executing on the one or more servers130.

While the HMWD 106 is described in the form factor of eyeglasses, theHMWD 106 may be implemented in other form factors. For example, the HMWD106 may comprise a device that is worn behind an ear of the user 102, ona headband, as part of a necklace, and so forth. In someimplementations, the HMWD 106 may be deployed as a system, comprisingseveral devices that are in communication with one another.

The structures depicted in this and the following figures are notnecessarily according to scale. Furthermore, the proportionality of onecomponent to another may change with different implementations. In someillustrations, the size of one structure may be exaggerated with respectto another to facilitate illustration, and not necessarily as alimitation.

FIG. 2 provides an illustration 200 of several sensors 114 and outputdevices 118 that may be used by the HMWD 106, according to someimplementations. The sensors 114 may include one or more of thefollowing.

A force sensitive resistor (or force sensing resistor) (FSR) sensor 202comprises a layer of a material that changes in electrical resistance orconductivity responsive to an applied mechanical force. For example, anincrease in force may result in a decrease in the electrical resistancemeasured across the material. In one implementation, the FSR sensor 202may comprise a conductive polymer within which electrically conductiveand nonconductive particles are suspended. The material to changeelectrical resistance may be arranged between a first electrode and asecond electrode. Electrical circuitry may be used to determineelectrical resistance between the first electrode and the secondelectrode. During operation, the FSR sensor 202 produces FSR data 204.The FSR data 204 may include one or more force measurement values (FMVs)that are indicative of a magnitude of a mechanical force that is appliedto the FSR sensor 202. In some implementations, the FSR data 204 mayinclude one or more timestamps. For example, each FMV may have anassociated timestamp indicative of when that value was measured,acquired, and so forth. The FSR data 204 may also include informationindicative of the particular FSR sensor 202 that generated the FMV.

A proximity sensor 206 determines presence or absence of an object suchas the head 104. The proximity sensor 206 may use optical, electrical,ultrasonic, electromagnetic, or other techniques to determine thepresence of the head 104. In one implementation, the proximity sensor206 may use an optical emitter and an optical detector to determineproximity. For example, an optical emitter may emit light, a portion ofwhich may then be reflected by the object back to the optical detectorto provide an indication that the head 104 is proximate to the proximitysensor 206. In other implementations, the proximity sensor 206 maycomprise a capacitive sensor configured to provide an electrical fieldand determine a change in electrical capacitance due to presence orabsence of the head 104 within the electrical field. The proximitysensor 206 may generate proximity data 208. For example, the proximitydata 208 may comprise a single bit binary value that indicates whetheran object is detected or not. In some implementations, the proximitydata 208 may include a timestamp indicative of when the proximity wasmeasured, acquired, and so forth.

A strain gauge 210 provides information indicative of an amount ofmechanical deflection. For example, the strain gauge 210 may beconfigured to determine an amount of flexure in a temple of the HMWD106. The strain gauge 210 may generate strain data 212. For example, thestrain data 212 may comprise an eight bit value indicative of adirection and magnitude of displacement of a substrate to which thestrain gauge 210 is affixed. The strain data 212 may include a timestampindicative of when the strain was measured, acquired, and so forth.

The BC microphone 214 may comprise a device that is able to generateoutput indicative of audio frequency vibrations having frequenciesoccurring between about 10 hertz and at least 22 kilohertz (kHz).

In some implementations, the BC microphone 214 may be sensitive to aparticular band of audio frequencies within this range. For example, theBC microphone 214 may be sensitive from 100 Hz to 4 kHz. In oneimplementation, the BC microphone 214 may comprise an accelerometer. Forexample, the BC microphone 214 may comprise a piezo-ceramicaccelerometer in the “BU” product family as produced by KnowlesElectronics LLC of Itasca, Ill., USA. Continuing the example, theKnowles BU-23842 vibration transducer provides an analog output signalthat may be processed as would the analog output from a conventional airconduction microphone. The accelerometer may utilize piezoelectricelements, microelectromechanical elements, optical elements, capacitiveelements, and so forth.

In another implementation, the BC microphone 214 comprises apiezoelectric transducer that uses piezoelectric material to generate anelectronic signal responsive to the deflection of the piezoelectricmaterial responsive to vibrations. For example, the BC microphone 214may comprise a piezoelectric bar device.

In yet another implementation, the BC microphone 214 may compriseelectromagnetic coils, an armature, and so forth. For example, the BCmicrophone 214 may comprise a variation on the balanced electromagneticseparation transducer (BEST) as proposed by Bo E. V. Hakansson of theChalmers University of Technology in Sweden that is configured to detectvibration.

The BC microphone 214 may detect vibrations using other mechanisms. Forexample, a force sensitive resistor may be used to detect the vibration.In another example, the BC microphone 214 may measure changes inelectrical capacitance to detect the vibrations. In yet another example,the BC microphone 214 may comprise a microelectromechanical system(MEMS) device.

The BC microphone 214 may include or be connected to circuitry thatgenerates BC mic data 216. For example, the accelerometer may produce ananalog signal as the output. This analog signal may be provided to ananalog to digital converter (ADC). The ADC measures an analog waveformand generates an output of digital BC mic data 216. The BC mic data 216may include a timestamp indicative of when the signal was measured,acquired, and so forth.

A BC microphone 214 is responsive to the vibrations produced by the user102, such as while speaking. The BC microphone 214 may be arranged to bein contact with the skin above a bony or cartilaginous structure. Forexample, where the HMWD 106 is in the form of eyeglasses, nose pads of anosepiece may be mechanically coupled to the BC microphone 214 such thatvibrations of the nasal bone, glabella, or other structures upon whichthe nose pads may rest are transmitted to the BC microphone 214. Inother implementations, the BC microphone 214 may be located elsewherewith respect to the HMWD 106, or worn elsewhere by the user 102. Forexample, the BC microphone 214 may be incorporated into the temple ofthe HMWD 106, a hat, or a headband.

An inertial measurement unit (IMU) 218 provides information about themovement of the HMWD 106 in space. For example, the IMU 218 may compriseone or more accelerometers, gyroscopes, and so forth. In oneimplementation, the IMU 218 may comprise three accelerometers, with eachaccelerometer oriented orthogonal to the others. The IMU 218 may includeone or more gyroscopes that sense rotation about one or more mutuallyorthogonal axes. The IMU 218 may produce IMU data 220. For example, theIMU data 220 may comprise digital data indicative of a vector value suchas a direction and magnitude of an acceleration.

A button 222 may comprise a switch or other mechanism that is responsiveto an external force. For example, the button 222 may comprise aspring-biased switch that, when depressed, establishes an electricconnection. The button 222 may produce button data indicative of theactivation of the button 222.

A touch sensor 224 is responsive to a touch by the user 102 or anotherobject. For example, the touch sensor 224 may comprise a capacitivetouch sensor, a force sensitive resistor touch sensor, an optical touchsensor, and so forth. Touch sensor data may be generated that isindicative of the location, direction, duration, and so forth, of thetouch.

An air conduction (AC) microphone 226 may comprise a diaphragm, MEMSelement, or other elements that move in response to the displacement ofair by sound waves. Air conduction mic data may be generated that isindicative of the sound detected by the AC microphone 226.

A magnetometer 228 provides information about ambient magnetic fields,such as the terrestrial magnetic field. Output from the magnetometer 228may be used to determine a change in heading with respect to the Earth'smagnetic field. In some implementations, the IMU 218 may include themagnetometer 228. Magnetometer data may be generated that is indicativeof a magnetic heading, rate of turn, and so forth.

A camera 230 may be used to acquire image data. The camera 230 may beconfigured to detect light in one or more wavelengths including, but notlimited to, terahertz, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, and so forth. Thecamera 230 may comprise one or more charge coupled devices (CCD),complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) devices, microbolometers,and so forth.

A light sensor 232 may include one or more of a photodetector,semiconductor junction, or other device that is sensitive to thepresence or absence of light. The light sensor 232 may comprise anambient light sensor that provides information indicative of the levelof illumination present at the HMWD 106.

Other sensors 234 may be present to generate other sensor data 236. Forexample, the other sensors 234 may include a barometer, chemical sensor,and so forth.

A bone conduction (BC) speaker 238 may be used to generate vibrations ina material proximate thereto. The BC speaker 238 may be typically usedto provide audio output to the user 102. For example, the BC speaker 238may be placed in physical contact with the head 104 the user 102. Duringpresentation of sounds, the BC speaker 238 may emit vibrations that aretransferred to the head 104 and are perceived to the ear of the user 102as sound.

The BC speaker 238 may use various mechanisms to emit the vibrations.These mechanisms may include, but are not limited to, the following:voice coils, piezoelectric elements, magnetostrictive elements,electrostatic elements, and so forth. For example, the BC speaker 238may comprise a piezoelectric material such as a piezo ceramic, thatmechanically expands or contracts responsive to the application of anelectric signal.

In some situations, the BC speaker 238 may be used as a sensor 114instead of or in addition to being an output device 118. The sensor data116 may include BC speaker data 240 generated by the BC speaker 238 whennot being driven to emit a vibration. For example, when the BC speaker238 uses a piezoelectric material to emit vibrations, the piezoelectricmaterial when compressed or released from compression will generate anelectric signal. The BC speaker data 240 comprises information aboutthis electric signal. For example, the voltage generated may bedigitized using an analog to digital converter (ADC) and represented asa digital value.

The output devices 118 may include one or more display lights 242. Thedisplay lights 242 may comprise one or more light-emitting diodes,quantum dots, incandescent lamps, electroluminescent materials, and soforth. When activated, a display light 242 emits light. One or moredisplay lights 242 may be positioned within the field of view of theuser 102 while the HMWD 106 is worn on the head 104. For example, one ormore display lights 242 may be arranged just above one or both lenses ofthe HMWD 106.

An air conduction speaker 244 that operates by air conduction to the earof the user 102 may also be used to provide audio output to the user102. For example, the air conduction speaker 244 may comprise adiaphragm that is moved to generate sound waves in the air. The airconduction speaker 244 may use one or more mechanisms to generate theoutput. These mechanisms may include, but are not limited to, thefollowing: voice coils, piezoelectric elements, magnetostrictiveelements, electrostatic elements, and so forth.

A display 246 may be provided in some implementations. The display 246is configured to present an image to the user 102 or that is detectableby a light-sensitive sensor such as a camera or an optical sensor. Forexample, the display 246 may comprise a liquid crystal display thatmanipulates rows and columns of picture elements to form an image.

In some implementations, the display 246 may be configured to produceoutput in one or more of infrared, visible, or ultraviolet light. Theoutput may be monochrome or color.

The display 246 may be emissive, reflective, or both. An emissivedisplay output device 118, such as using light emitting diodes (LEDs),is configured to emit light during operation. In comparison, areflective display output device 118, such as using an electrophoreticelement, relies on ambient light to present an image. Backlights orfront lights may be used to illuminate a non-emissive display to providevisibility of the output in conditions where the ambient light levelsare low.

The displays 246 may include, but are not limited to,micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS), spatial light modulators,electroluminescent displays, quantum dot displays, liquid crystal onsilicon (LCOS) displays, cholesteric displays, interferometric displays,liquid crystal displays (LCDs), electrophoretic displays, and so forth.For example, the display output device 118 may use a light source and anarray of MEMS-controlled mirrors to selectively direct light from thelight source to produce an image. These display mechanisms may beconfigured to emit light, modulate incident light emitted from anothersource, or both. The display 246 may operate as panels, projectors, andso forth.

The display 246 may include image projectors. For example, the imageprojector may be configured to project an image onto a surface orobject, such as a lens or the eye of the user 102. The image may begenerated using MEMS, LCOS, lasers, and so forth.

Other output devices 248 may also be used by the HMWD 106. For example,the HMWD 106 may include a dispenser to release particular scents nearthe nose of the user 102.

FIG. 3 is a block diagram 300 of components of the HMWD 106, accordingto some implementations.

One or more power supplies 302 may be configured to provide electricalpower suitable for operating the components in the HMWD 106. The one ormore power supplies 302 may comprise batteries, capacitors, fuel cells,photovoltaic cells, wireless power receivers, conductive couplingssuitable for attachment to an external power source such as provided byan electric utility, and so forth. For example, the batteries on boardthe HMWD 106 may be charged wirelessly, such as through inductive powertransfer. In another implementation, electrical contacts may be used torecharge the HMWD 106.

The HMWD 106 may include one or more hardware processors 304(processors) configured to execute one or more stored instructions. Theprocessors 304 may comprise one or more cores. The processors 304 mayinclude general purpose microprocessors, microcontrollers, applicationspecific integrated circuits (ASICs), digital signal processors (DSPs),and so forth. One or more clocks 306 may provide information indicativeof date, time, ticks, and so forth. For example, the processor 304 mayuse data from the clock 306 to associate a particular interaction with aparticular point in time.

The HMWD 106 may include one or more communication interfaces 308 suchas input/output (I/O) interfaces 310, network interfaces 312, and soforth. The communication interfaces 308 enable the HMWD 106, orcomponents thereof, to communicate with other devices or components. Thecommunication interfaces 308 may include one or more I/O interfaces 310.The I/O interfaces 310 may comprise Inter-Integrated Circuit (I2C),Serial Peripheral Interface bus (SPI), Universal Serial Bus (USB) aspromulgated by the USB Implementers Forum, RS-232, and so forth.

The I/O interface(s) 310 may couple to one or more I/O devices 314. TheI/O devices 314 may include the sensors 114. The I/O devices 314 mayalso include the output devices 118. In some embodiments, the I/Odevices 314 may be physically incorporated with the HMWD 106 or may beexternally placed. The output devices 118 are configured to generatesignals, which may be perceived by the user 102 or may be detected bysensors 114.

The network interfaces 312 may be configured to provide communicationsbetween the HMWD 106 and other devices, such as the server 130. Thenetwork interfaces 312 may include devices configured to couple topersonal area networks (PANs), wired or wireless local area networks(LANs), wide area networks (WANs), and so forth. For example, thenetwork interfaces 312 may include devices compatible with Ethernet,Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Bluetooth Low Energy, ZigBee, and so forth.

The HMWD 106 may also include one or more busses or other internalcommunications hardware or software that allow for the transfer of databetween the various modules and components of the HMWD 106.

As shown in FIG. 3, the HMWD 106 includes one or more memories 316. Thememory 316 may comprise one or more non-transitory computer-readablestorage media (CRSM). The CRSM may be any one or more of an electronicstorage medium, a magnetic storage medium, an optical storage medium, aquantum storage medium, a mechanical computer storage medium, and soforth. The memory 316 provides storage of computer-readableinstructions, data structures, program modules, and other data for theoperation of the HMWD 106. A few example functional modules are shownstored in the memory 316, although the same functionality mayalternatively be implemented in hardware, firmware, or as a system on achip (SoC).

The memory 316 may include at least one operating system (OS) module318. The OS module 318 is configured to manage hardware resource devicessuch as the I/O interfaces 310, the I/O devices 314, the communicationinterfaces 308, and provide various services to applications or modulesexecuting on the processors 304. The OS module 318 may implement avariant of the FreeBSD operating system as promulgated by the FreeBSDProject; other UNIX or UNIX-like variants; a variation of the Linuxoperating system as promulgated by Linus Torvalds; the Windows operatingsystem from Microsoft Corporation of Redmond, Wash., USA; and so forth.

Also stored in the memory 316 may be a data store 320 and one or more ofthe following modules. These modules may be executed as foregroundapplications, background tasks, daemons, and so forth. The data store320 may use a flat file, database, linked list, tree, executable code,script, or other data structure to store information. In someimplementations, the data store 320 or a portion of the data store 320may be distributed across one or more other devices including servers130, network attached storage devices, and so forth.

The communication module 126 may be configured to establishcommunications with one or more of the computing devices 108, otherHMWDs 106, servers 130, sensors 114, or other devices. Thecommunications may be authenticated, encrypted, and so forth.

The processing module 122 may use the sensor data 116 to determine thedon/doff data 124. The processing module 122 may implement one or moreof the techniques described below with regard to FIGS. 6-14 to determinethe don/doff data 124.

During operation of the system the data store 320 may store the sensordata 116, threshold data 322, the output data 120, the don/doff data124, and so forth, at least temporarily. The threshold data 322comprises information specifying one or more of the thresholds describedherein. For example, threshold data 322 may indicate a threshold minimumamount of force detected by the FSR sensor 202 and a threshold minimumduration of time that the force is to remain detected in order togenerate don/doff data 124.

Techniques such as artificial neural networks (ANN), active appearancemodels (AAM), active shape models (ASM), principal component analysis(PCA), classifiers, cascade classifiers, and so forth, may also be usedto process data. For example, the ANN may be trained using a supervisedlearning algorithm using BC mic data 216 and other informationindicative of the don/doff condition. Once trained, the ANN may beprovided with sensor data 116 such as BC mic data 216 and provide asoutput the don/doff data 124. In another implementation, the classifiermay be trained and then subsequently used to determine the don/doff data124.

Other modules 324 may also be present in the memory 316 as well as otherdata 326 in the data store 320. For example, the other modules 324 mayinclude a contact management module while the other data 326 may includeaddress information associated with a particular contact, such as anemail address, telephone number, network address, uniform resourcelocator, and so forth.

FIG. 4 depicts an exterior view 400, from below, of the HMWD 106 in anunfolded configuration, according to some implementations.

Visible in this view are the lenses 402 of a lens assembly. Because thelens assembly is affixed to a front frame 404 at a frame bridge 406, thefront frame 404 may flex without affecting the positioning of the lenses402 with respect to the eyes of the user 102. For example, when the head104 of the user 102 is relatively large, the front frame 404 may flexaway from the user's head 104 to accommodate the increased distancebetween the temples of the HMWD 106. Similarly, when the head 104 of theuser 102 is relatively small, the front frame 404 may flex towards theuser's head 104 to accommodate the decreased distance between thetemples of the HMWD 106.

A nosepiece 408 is connected to the frame bridge 406. The nosepiece 408supports the front frame 404 above the nose of the user 102. In someimplementations, the BC microphone 214 may be coupled to the nosepiece408, such that vibrations from the nose of the user 102 are detected bythe BC microphone 214.

A flexible printed circuit (FPC) 410 may provide connectivity betweenthe electronics in one or more of the front frame 404 or temples 414.For example, the left temple 414(L) may include electronics such as ahardware processor 304 while the right temple 414(R) may includeelectronics such as a battery. Each temple 414 may include a housingwithin which the electronics are contained. The FPC 410 provides apathway for control signals from the hardware processor 304 to thebattery, may transfer electrical power from the battery to the hardwareprocessor 304, and so forth. The FPC 410 may provide additionalfunctions such as providing connectivity to the BC microphone 214, theAC microphone 226, the button 222, components within the front frame404, and so forth. For example, a front facing camera 230 may be mountedwithin the frame bridge 406 and may be connected to the FPC 410 toprovide image data to the hardware processor 304 in the temple 414. Insome implementations, the FPC 410 may be arranged within a channel onthe underside of the front frame 404 and maintained within the channelby an overmolding. In other implementations, the AC microphone 226 maybe located in the frame bridge 406 or the front frame 404.

One or more hinges 412 may be affixed to, or an integral part of, thefront frame 404. Depicted are a left hinge 412(L) and a right hinge412(R) on the left and right sides of the front frame 404, respectively.The left hinge 412(L) is arranged at the left brow section, distal tothe frame bridge 406. The right hinge 412(R) is arranged at the rightbrow section, distal to the frame bridge 406.

A temple 414 may couple to a portion of the hinge 412. For example, thetemple 414 may comprise one or more components, such as a knuckle, thatmechanically engage one or more corresponding structures on the hinge412.

The left temple 414(L) is attached to the left hinge 412(L) of the frontframe 404. The right temple 414(R) is attached to the right hinge 412(R)of the front frame 404.

The hinge 412 permits rotation of the temple 414 with respect to thehinge 412 about an axis of rotation. The hinge 412 may be configured toprovide a desired angle of rotation. For example, the hinge 412 mayallow for a rotation of between 0 and 120 degrees. As a result of thisrotation, the HMWD 106 may be placed into a folded configuration (notshown). For example, each of the hinges 412 may rotate by about 90degrees, to assume the folded configuration. In some implementations, aswitch or other sensor 114 may be used to determine if the hinge 412 hasbeen rotated into the unfolded or folded configuration.

An earpiece 416 may be positioned at a distal end of the temple 414. Insome implementations, the earpiece 416 may be shaped to extend at leastpartially around a back of an ear of the user 102. During normal wear ofthe HMWD 106, at least a portion of one or more of the temple 414 or theearpiece 416 may be in contact with at least a portion of the head 104.

One or more of the front frame 404, the hinge 412, or the temple 414 maybe configured to dampen the transfer of vibrations between the frontframe 404 and the temples 414. For example, the hinge 412 mayincorporate vibration dampening structures or materials to attenuate thepropagation of vibrations between the front frame 404 and the temples414. These vibration dampening structures may include elastomericmaterials, springs, and so forth. In another example, the portion of thetemple 414 that connects to the hinge 412 may comprise an elastomericmaterial.

One or more different sensors 114 may be placed on the HMWD 106. Forexample, the BC microphone 214 may be located at the frame bridge 406while the AC microphone 226 may be placed within or proximate to theleft hinge 412(L), such as on the underside of the left hinge 412(L). Inone implementation, the BC microphone 214 may detect vibrationstransmitted from the nose of the user 102 via the nosepiece 408 or nosepads to the frame bridge 406. The BC microphone 214 and the ACmicrophone 226 may be maintained at a fixed distance relative to oneanother during operation by the frame. For example, the relatively rigidframe of the HMWD 106 maintains the spacing between the BC microphone214 and the AC microphone 226. While the BC microphone 214 is depictedproximate to the frame bridge 406, in other implementations, the BCmicrophone 214 may be positioned at other locations. For example, the BCmicrophone 214 may be located in one or both of the temples 414.

A touch sensor 224 may be located on one or more of the temples 414. Forexample, the touch sensor 224 may be located on an exterior surface ofthe temple 414. One or more buttons 222 may be placed in other locationson the HMWD 106. For example, a button 222 may be emplaced within, orproximate to, the right hinge 412(R), such as on an underside of theright hinge 412(R).

One or more strain gauges 210 may be placed in the HMWD 106. Forexample, a strain gauge 210 may be mounted to a structure, such as ahousing of the temple 414. The strain gauge 210 may be used to detectdeflection of the structural element and generate strain data 212. Inanother example, a strain gauge 210 may be placed within the framebridge 406. In yet another example, a strain gauge 210 may beincorporated into the hinge 412. The processing module 122 may generatedon/doff data 124 based on the strain data 212. For example, when donned110, the strain on the strain gauge 210 may differ from when the HMWD106 is doffed 112. By determining this difference, the don/doff data 124may be generated.

One or more proximity sensors 206 may be placed in the HMWD 106. Forexample, a proximity sensor 206 may be positioned within the temple 414proximate to the earpiece of 416.

One or more bone conduction (BC) speakers 238 may be emplaced on thetemples 414. For example, as depicted here, a BC speaker 238(R) may belocated on the surface of the temple 414(R) that is proximate to thehead 104 of the user 102 during use. Continuing the example, as depictedhere, a portion of the BC speaker 238(L) may be located on the surfaceof the temple 414(L) that is proximate to the head 104 of the user 102and in contact with the head 104 during use. The BC speaker 238 may beconfigured to generate vibrations in the head 104 that are heard asaudio output by the user 102. For example, the BC speaker 238 may emitvibrations that are mechanically transferred to the temporal bone of thehead 104.

In some implementations, one or more display lights 242 may bepositioned on the front frame 404 or the lens assembly such that theyare within the field of view of the user 102. For example, one or moredisplay lights 242 may be arranged on an upper edge of the front frame404.

Earpieces 416 may extend from a portion of the temple 414 that is distalto the front frame 404. The earpiece 416 may comprise a material thatmay be reshaped to accommodate the anatomy of the head 104 of the user102. For example, the earpiece 416 may comprise a thermoplastic that maybe warmed to a predetermined temperature and reshaped. In anotherexample, the earpiece 416 may comprise a wire that may be bent to fit.The wire may be encased in an elastomeric material.

FIG. 5 depicts an enlarged cutaway view 500 of the placement of a BCspeaker 238 relative to an FSR sensor 202 in a temple 414 of the HMWD106. While this cutaway depicts a right temple 414(R), a similararrangement may be found in some implementations in a left temple414(L). A circuit board 502 is depicted. Mounted to the circuit board502 are electronics 504 or other devices. For example, the electronics504 may comprise the processors 304, communication interfaces 308,memory 316, and so forth. Also mounted to the circuit board 502 is anFSR sensor 202. For example, the FSR sensor 202 may be mounted usingmechanical engagement features, adhesives, lamination, and so forth.Mounted atop the FSR sensor 202 is a BC speaker 238. The BC speaker 238is this illustration is located on an interior side of the temple 414,where the interior side is the side closest to the head 104 when theHMWD 106 is donned 110.

The HMWD 106 may be configured such that in the donned 110 state, aslight contact force is applied to the head 104 by way of the BC speaker238. For example, one or more of the front frame 404, hinges 412,temples 414, and so forth may have a slight spring or bias that producesthe contact force. When donned 110, the mechanical force of the contactby the BC speaker 238 is detected by the FSR sensor 202. As describedbelow, the FSR data 204 may be used to generate don/doff data 124.

In some situations, the particular placement of the BC speaker 238 atopthe FSR sensor 202 may provide certain advantages. For example, thisconfiguration allows for the BC speaker 238 to be directly in contactwith the head 104, improving transfer of vibrations generated by the BCspeaker 238 during operation. In other implementations, the FSR sensor202 may be arranged atop the BC speaker 238.

In some implementations, the BC speaker 238 may only be mounted on onetemple 414 or may be omitted entirely from the HMWD 106. In thisimplementation, the FSR sensor 202 may be mounted to detect the contactforce. For example, the FSR sensor 202 may be mounted to the exterior ofthe temple 414 on an interior surface that comes into contact with thehead 104 during normal wear.

FIG. 6 depicts a flow diagram 600 of a process for determining don/doffdata 124 using FSR sensors 202, according to some implementations. Theprocess may be implemented at least in part by one or more of the HMWD106, the computing device 108, servers 130, or other devices. Forexample, the processing module 122 executing on the processor 304 mayimplement this process.

The processing module 122 may use the FSR data 204 to generate thedon/doff data 124.

At 602, the processing module 122 may acquire first FSR data 204 from afirst FSR sensor 202 (such as on the left temple 414(L)). The first FSRdata 204 may comprise first force measurement values (FMVs). The firstFMVs may include force measurements taken at a first time, a secondtime, and a third time. As described above, the FMVs are indicative ofmagnitude of an applied force as measured by the FSR sensor 202 at aparticular time. In some implementations, the FSR data 204 may comprisea time series of force measurements taken at particular times.

At 604, the processing module 122 may acquire second FSR data 204 fromthe second FSR sensor 202 (such as on the right temple 414(R)). Thesecond FSR data 204 may comprise second FMVs. The second FMVs mayinclude force measurements taken at the first time, the second time, andthe third time. In another implementation, the second FMVs may be takenor otherwise acquired at times that are different from the first FMVs.In this implementation, the first and second FMVs may occur within athreshold time window of one another.

The processing module 122 may then analyze the first FMVs and the secondFMVs to determine if the HMWD 106 is in the donned 110 state or thedoffed 112 state. For example, if both FSR sensors 202 report an appliedforce that exceeds a minimum threshold force for a designated period oftime, the processing module 122 may deem the HMWD 106 as being donned110. In comparison, if both FSR sensors 202 report applied forces thatare below the minimum threshold force, and that condition persists forthe designated period of time, the processing module 122 may deem theHMWD 106 as being doffed 112. The processing module 122 may thengenerate don/doff data 124 that is indicative of whether the HMWD 106 isdonned 110 or doffed 112 at a particular time.

In some implementations, the minimum threshold force indicative of adonned 110 state may be between at least 10 g and at least 20 g ofapplied force. The designated period of time may be at least 300 ms, insome implementations.

Beginning with 606, FIG. 6 depicts one implementation of analysis thatmay be performed by the processing module 122. At 606, for the first FSRdata 204, a first difference in FMVs from the first time to the secondtime is determined.

At 608, for the second FSR data 204, a second difference in FMVs fromthe first time to the second time is determined.

At 610, a first magnitude of the first difference is determined toexceed a first threshold value. For example, the first threshold valuemay be used to specify the minimum amount of applied force that is usedto designate the HMWD 106 as donned 110.

At 612, a second magnitude of the second difference is determined toexceed the first threshold value.

At 614, for the first FSR data 204, a third difference in FMVs isdetermined from the second time to the third time.

At 616, for the second FSR data 204, a fourth difference in FMVs isdetermined from the second time to the third time.

At 618, a third magnitude of the third difference in FMVs is determinedto be less than a second threshold value. For example, the secondthreshold value may be less than the first threshold value and is usedto determine if the state of wear of the HMWD 106 has been relativelyconstant from the second time to the third time.

At 620, a fourth magnitude of the fourth difference in FMVs isdetermined to be less than the second threshold value.

At 622, don/doff data 124 is determined. For example, if the firstdifference and the second difference are consistent with an increase inthe applied force, a donned 110 state may be determined.

FIG. 7 depicts a flow diagram 700 of a process for determining don/doffdata 124 using a proximity sensor 206, according to someimplementations. The process may be implemented at least in part by oneor more of the HMWD 106, the computing device 108, servers 130, or otherdevices. For example, the processing module 122 executing on theprocessor 304 may implement this process.

At 702, proximity data 208 is obtained from one or more proximitysensors 206. For example, the proximity sensors 206 may comprise acapacitive proximity sensor that is mounted within the temple 414. Theproximity data 208 is obtained at a first time and a second time.

At 704, a change in the proximity data 208 from the first time to thesecond time is determined. This change is indicative of presence orabsence of an object. For example, the proximity data 208 at the firsttime may indicate presence of an object such as the head 104, while theproximity data 208 at the second time may indicate an absence of theobject.

At 706, don/doff data 124 is determined. Continuing the example above,when the proximity data 208 first indicated presence of an object at thefirst time and then indicated an absence of the object at the secondtime, the don/doff data 124 is determined to be indicative of the HMWD106 being doffed 112.

FIG. 8 depicts a flow diagram 800 of a process for determining don/doffdata 124 using a BC microphone 214, according to some implementations.The process may be implemented at least in part by one or more of theHMWD 106, the computing device 108, servers 130, or other devices. Forexample, the processing module 122 executing on the processor 304 mayimplement this process.

At 802, BC mic data 216 is acquired using the BC microphone 214. Forexample, at periodic intervals such as every 300 ms, the BC microphone214 may be used to acquire BC mic data 216.

At 804, one or more characteristics 806 are determined for at least aportion of the BC mic data 216. These characteristics 806 may include azero crossing rate (ZCR) 806(1), an energy 806(2) of the BC mic data216, spectra 806(3), duration 806(4), or other characteristics 806(X).

The BC mic data 216 may comprise a single frame of pulse code modulated(PCM) or pulse density modulated (PDM) data that includes a plurality ofsamples, each sample representative of an analog value at the differenttimes. In other implementations, other digital encoding schemes may beutilized. The PCM or PDM data may thus be representative of an analogwaveform that is indicative of motion detected by the BC microphone 214resulting from vibration of the head 104 of the user 102. As describedabove, the BC microphone 214 may comprise an accelerometer that producestime varying analog data indicative of motion along one or more axes.The ZCR 806(1) provides an indication as to how often the waveformtransitions from a positive to a negative value. The ZCR 806(1) may beexpressed as a number of times that a mathematical sign (such aspositive or negative) of the signal undergoes a change from one to theother. For example, the ZCR 806(1) may be calculated by dividing a countof transitions from a negative sample value to a positive sample valueby a count of sample values under consideration, such as in a singleframe of PCM or PDM data. The ZCR 806(1) may be expressed in terms ofunits of time (such as number of crossings per second), may be expressedper frame (such as number of crossings per frame), and so forth. In someimplementations, the ZCR 806(1) may be expressed as a quantity of“positive-going” or “negative-going”, instead of all crossings.

In some implementations, the BC mic data 216 (or other data) may beexpressed as a value that does not include sign information. In theseimplementations, the ZCR 806(1) may be described based on the transitionof the value of the signal going above or below a threshold value. Forexample, the BC mic data 216 may be expressed as a 16 bit unsigned valuecapable of expressing 65,535 discrete values. When representing ananalog waveform that experiences positive and negative changes tovoltage, the zero voltage may correspond to a value within that range.Continuing the example, the zero voltage may be represented by a valueof 37,767. As a result, digital samples of the analog waveform withinthe frame may be deemed to be indicative of a negative sign when theyhave a value less than 37,767 or may be deemed to be indicative of apositive sign when they have a value greater than or equal to 37,767.

Several different techniques may be used to calculate the ZCR 806(1).For example, for a frame comprising a given number of samples, the totalnumber of positive zero crossings in which consecutive samplestransition from negative to positive may be counted. The total number ofpositive zero crossings may then be divided by the number of samples todetermine the ZCR for that frame.

The processing module 122 may compare the ZCR 806(1) with a thresholdvalue. For example, when the HMWD 106 is donned 110, the ZCR 806(1) maybe above the threshold value. The threshold value may be based on ZCRvalues deemed to be typical of human speech. In comparison, when theHMWD 106 is doffed 112, the ZCR 806(1) may be below the threshold value.

Energy of the signal may be determined. The energy 806(2) is a valueindicative of the energy of at least a portion of a signal representedby the BC mic data 216. For the purposes of signal processing andassessment as described herein, the energy of a signal and the power ofa signal are not necessarily actual measures of physical energy andpower, such as involved in moving the BC microphone 214. However, theremay be a relationship between the physical energy in the system and theenergy of the signal as calculated.

The energy 806(2) of a signal may be calculated in several ways. Forexample, the energy 806(2) of the signal may be determined as the sum ofthe area under a curve that the waveform describes. In another example,the energy 806(2) of the signal may be a sum of the square of values foreach sample divided by the number of samples per frame. This results inan average energy of the signal per sample. The energy 806(2) may beindicative of an average energy of the signal for an entire frame, amoving average across several frames of BC mic data 216, and so forth.The energy 806(2) may be determined for a particular frequency band,group of frequency bands, and so forth.

In one implementation, other characteristics of the signal may bedetermined instead of the energy 806(2). For example, an absolute valuemay be determined for each sample value in a frame. These absolutevalues for the entire frame may be summed, and the sum divided by thenumber of samples in the frame to generate an average value. Thisaverage value may be used instead of or in addition to the energy806(2). In another implementation, a peak sample value may be determinedfor the samples in a frame. The peak value may be used instead of or inaddition to the energy 806(2).

The processing module 122 may compare the energy 806(2) with a thresholdvalue. For example, if the HMWD 106 is donned 110, the energy 806(2) maybe below the threshold value. The threshold value for energy 806(2) maybe determined based on that which is expected for human speech. Incomparison, when the HMWD 106 is doffed 112, the energy 806(2) may beabove the threshold value. When worn, the head 104 of the user 102 actsas an attenuator, dampening vibrations that are detected by the BCmicrophone 214. As a result, when doffed 112 the energy 806(2) detectedis greater than when donned 110. In some implementations otherassessments may be used. For example, a voice activity detector may beused to determine when the user 102 is not speaking. The energy 806(2)of the BC mic data 216 obtained during periods when the user 102 is notspeaking may be used to determine the don/doff data 124.

The spectra 806(3) may comprise information about the spectra in thetime domain or frequency domain of the BC mic data 216. For example, thespectra 806(3) may comprise spectra indicative of energy 806(2) withrespect to time or frequency. The processing module 122 may comparerecently acquired spectra 806(3) with previously defined spectra 806(3)or spectral characteristics to determine if the HMWD 106 is donned 110or doffed 112. For example, particular spectra 806(3) may be associatedwith the donned 110 state, while other spectra 806(3) are associatedwith the doffed 112 state. In another example, the processing module 122may determine that previously defined spectral peaks are present in therecently acquired spectra 806(3), and based on that determine thedon/doff data 124.

In some implementations, the BC mic data 216 may be processed using oneor more machine learning techniques or algorithms. For example, the BCmic data 216 may be processed using a classifier to determine the BC micdata 216 is either indicative of the donned 110 state or the doffed 112state. The classifier may be trained using BC mic data 216 and inputfrom other sensors 114, user input, the characteristics 806, and soforth. For example, the classifier may be trained for a particular user102 by using input from another sensor 114 or set of sensors 114 such asthe FSR sensor 202, proximity sensor 206, and so forth. The classifiermay also be trained to user input. For example, the user 102 may pressthe button 222, swipe the touch sensor 224, or provide other input thatis indicative of whether the HMWD 106 is donned 110 or doffed 112. Theclassifier may then be trained using this input and the BC mic data 216to subsequently provide automated results.

Instead of or in addition to the use of the classifier, other techniquessuch as artificial neural networks (ANNs), support vector machine,Bayesian networks, Markov networks, and so forth may be used.

In some implementations, the characteristics 806 may include theduration 806(4) of one or more of the other characteristics 806. Forexample, the ZCR 806(1) may be specified for a particular duration806(4), the energy 806(2) may be specified for a particular duration806(4), and so forth.

One or more characteristics 806 may be compared to respective thresholdvalues. For example, the ZCR 806(1) for at least a portion of a frame ofBC mic data 216 may be compared to a threshold ZCR value, the energy806(2) may be compared to a threshold energy value, the duration 806(4)length of the characteristic(s) 806 being above the respective thresholdmay be assessed, and so forth.

Other characteristics 806(X) of the BC mic data 216 may be determinedand subsequently used to determine the don/doff data 124. For example,the other characteristics 806(X) may include a phase angle or rangeindicating a difference between the maximum and minimum values in agiven time window such as a frame, bitrate, and so forth. For example,the BC microphone 214 or other devices that process the output from theBC microphone 214 may generate BC mic data 216 having a variable bitrate.

At 808, one or more of the characteristics 806 may be determined toexceed a threshold value. One or more threshold values may be stored asthe threshold data 322 described above.

At 810 don/doff data 124 is determined. As mentioned above, thisdetermination may be based on one or more of the characteristics 806.

FIG. 9 depicts an overhead view 900 of the HMWD 106 being worn by a user102, according to some implementations. This illustration depicts thecontact force 902 that is exerted by the HMWD 106 on the head 104 of theuser 102. The contact force 902 is directed generally from the ears ofthe user 102 towards the middle of the head 104.

As discussed above, the contact force 902 may be detected andcharacterized by one or more of the FSR sensors 202 to produce the FSRdata 204 shown here.

In some implementations, other sensors 114 may be used to determinemechanical forces resulting from don 110 or doff 112 of the HMWD 106.For example, one or more strain gauges 210 may be affixed to theearpieces 416 to determine if they are displaced by the user's head 104.

As also described above, in some implementations, the BC speaker 238 maybe used to generate BC speaker data 240 shown here. This BC speaker data240 may be used as described next to determine don/doff data 124.

FIG. 10 depicts a graph 1000 of voltage indicated by BC speaker outputfrom a piezoelectric BC speaker 238 during don 110 and doff 112,according to some implementations.

In this graph, time 1002 increases along a horizontal axis from left toright while voltage 1004 is illustrated along a vertical axis extendingfrom negative to positive.

In this illustration, the voltage 1004 for the BC speaker data 240 fromthe left and the right BC speakers 238 is depicted. Initially, a 0voltage 1004 is provided by the piezoelectric element in the respectiveBC speakers 238. However, piezoelectric materials will generate avoltage when they experience a change in the physical shape, such asunder compression or decompression due to the application of or removalof an external mechanical force.

When the user 102 dons 110 the HMWD 106, the contact force 902 betweenthe BC speaker 238 and head 104 of the user 102 physically compressesthe piezoelectric material, generating a spike of positive voltage thatthen decreases over time. A don threshold 1008 specifies a minimumpositive voltage that is deemed to be indicative of a don 110 event. Asdepicted here, the positive spike in voltage indicated by the BC speakerdata 240 exceeds the don threshold 1008 and thus may be deemed to beindicative of the HMWD 106 being donned 110. In some implementations,both the left and right BC speaker data 240 may be required to exceedthe don threshold 1008 within a time window of one another in order forthe don 110 event to be determined.

Following the donning 110 of the HMWD 106, the positive voltage 1004produced by the BC speakers 238 decays back towards the 0 V value. TheBC speaker data 240 may indicate some fluctuation above and below the 0V value. This may be due to noise in the system, small movements of theHMWD 106 relative to the head 104, and so forth.

While the HMWD 106 remains donned 110, the piezoelectric element remainssomewhat compressed due to the contact force 902. When a doff 112 eventtakes place, the HMWD 106 is removed from the head 104 and thus thecontact force 902 is also removed. With the removal of this contactforce 902, the piezoelectric material expands to its non-compressedshape. During this expansion, a spike of negative voltage 1004 isgenerated which then decays as the piezoelectric material returns to itsnon-compressed shape.

A doff threshold 1010 specifies a minimum negative voltage 1004 that isdeemed to be indicative of a doff 112 event. As depicted here, thenegative spike in voltage 1004 indicated by the BC speaker data 240exceeds the doff threshold 1010 and thus may be deemed to be indicativeof the HMWD 106 being doffed 112. In some implementations, both the leftand right BC speaker data 240 may be required to exceed the doffthreshold 1010 within a time window of one another in order for the doff112 event to be determined.

Due to the nature of the piezoelectric material or other type oftransducer mechanism, the absolute value magnitude of the don threshold1008 and the doff threshold 1010 may differ. For example, as shown, theabsolute value of the don threshold 1008 with respect to the 0 voltageis greater than the absolute value of the doff threshold 1010.

The processing module 122 may analyze the BC speaker data 240 asdescribed above to determine if there has been a don 110 event or a doff112 event of the HMWD 106. In some implementations, other analysis ofthe BC speaker data 240 may be performed. For example, the rise time,decay time, and so forth of the BC speaker data 240 may be assessed andcompared to one or more threshold values to determine the don/doff data124. Continuing the example, the processing module 122 may disregard BCspeaker data 240 that indicates a voltage spike that exceeds thethreshold but has a slow rise time that exceeds a threshold minimum risetime value.

In some implementations, the BC speaker data 240 may be disregarded ornot acquired at particular times. The acquisition of BC speaker data 240during the use of the BC speaker 238 to emit a vibration may beprevented. For example, when the BC speaker 238 is being driven toproduce vibrations, acquisition of BC speaker data 240 may bediscontinued. In some implementations, a “quiet period” or “relaxationperiod” may be specified before acquisition of BC speaker data 240resumes. This period of time may allow for the transducer to revert to adesired state. For example, when the BC speaker 238 has been energizedto generate a vibration, for 500 milliseconds after the BC speaker 238has been de-energized, no BC speaker data 240 may be obtained. After the500 ms, BC speaker data 240 may begin to be acquired. Likewise, in someimplementations when the BC speaker 238 is determined to be idle, BCspeaker data 240 may be acquired during this idle time.

While voltage is described, it is understood in other implementations,other electrical characteristics may be assessed. For example, currentflow, capacitance, inductance, and so forth may be assessed to determinechanges to the BC speaker 238 that are indicative of a don 110 or doff112 of the HMWD 106.

FIG. 11 depicts a flow diagram 1100 of a process for determiningdon/doff data 124 using output from a piezoelectric BC speaker 238,according to some implementations. The process may be implemented atleast in part by one or more of the HMWD 106, the computing device 108,servers 130, or other devices. For example, the processing module 122executing on the processor 304 may implement this process.

At 1102, BC speaker data 240 is acquired from one or more BC speakers238. As described above, the BC speaker data 240 is indicative of atime-varying voltage that may be produced by a piezoelectric element.

The process determines the BC speaker data 240 exceeds one or more of afirst threshold value or a second threshold value, wherein the firstthreshold value is indicative of a positive voltage and the secondthreshold value is indicative of a negative voltage. In theimplementation depicted and described next, several comparisons betweenthe BC speaker data 240 and one or more thresholds may be performed.

At 1104, the BC speaker data 240 is analyzed to determine if a donthreshold 1008 has been exceeded. If the BC speaker data 240 isindicative of the don threshold 1008 being exceeded, the processproceeds to 1106. At 1106 don/doff data 124 indicative of a don 110 isdetermined. If the BC speaker data 240 does not exceed the don threshold1008, the process may proceed to 1108.

At 1108, the BC speaker data 240 is analyzed to determine if a doffthreshold 1010 has been exceeded. If the BC speaker data 240 isindicative of the doff threshold 1010 being exceeded, the processproceeds to 1110. At 1110, don/doff data 124 indicative of a doff 112 isdetermined. If the BC speaker data 240 does not exceed the doffthreshold 1010, the process proceeds to 1112. At 1112, no change isdetected. In some implementations, following the no change detection,previously determined don/doff data 124 may be determined and providedagain to other modules.

The BC speaker data 240 is indicative of changes in the pressure appliedto the BC speaker 238. After the BC speaker 238 reaches a steady state,such as at some time after pressure is applied or released, notime-varying voltage may be produced. As a result, the processing module122 is able to use the BC speaker data 240 to detect a change in statebetween don 110 and doff 112.

In one implementation, the BC speaker data 240 for the left and right BCspeakers 238 may be stored in respective first-in-first-out (FIFO)buffers. When the values of the BC speaker data 240 are above athreshold value in both buffers, the processing module 122 may generatedon/doff data 124 indicative of a change.

In some implementations, a magnitude of the don threshold 1008 may begreater than a magnitude of the doff threshold 1010, or vice versa.

FIG. 12 depicts an overhead view 1200 of the HMWD 106 being worn by auser 102 when a vibration is emitted by the BC speaker 238 and detectedby the BC microphone 214, according to some implementations.

Don/doff data 124 may be determined based at least in part on the BC micdata 216 that is indicative of a vibration 1202 produced by one or moreof the BC speakers 238. The vibration 1202 may comprise longitudinalwaves of successive compression and rarefaction of a medium. The BCspeakers 238 impart a mechanical force that moves at least a portion ofthe medium that is in contact with the BC speaker 238. For example,while donned 110, the BC speaker 238 imparts a mechanical motion on aportion of the head 104. Continuing the example, while doffed 112, theBC speaker 238 imparts a mechanical motion on the air adjacent to the BCspeaker 238.

Depending on whether the HMWD 106 is donned 110 or doffed 112, thereceived signal strength of the vibration 1202 at the BC microphone 214as indicated by the BC mic data 216 will differ. For example, the user'shead 104 provides an effective medium for relatively efficient transferof vibration 1202, particularly relative to air. As a result, when theHMWD 106 is donned 110, the vibrations 1202 conducted by the head 104are received by the BC microphone 214 at a greater amplitude thanvibrations 1202 transferred by ambient air. By comparing the amplitudeof the vibrations 1202 as indicated by BC mic data 216, the don/doffdata 124 may be determined. One or more filters may be applied to the BCmic data 216 to facilitate assessment of the vibration 1202 as generatedby the one or more BC speakers 238. For example, a digital signalprocessing (DSP) or analog band pass filter may be used to pass aparticular band of frequencies of interest while attenuating thoseoutside of the band.

In one implementation, the vibration 1202 may be generated by the BCspeaker 238 for the determination of the don/doff data 124. For example,either on-demand or at periodic intervals a vibration 1202 comprising asine wave tone with a frequency of between 70 Hertz and 500 Hertz may beemitted. These relatively low frequencies may be minimally perceptibleto the user 102. For example, the human ear may perceive low frequencyvibrations and high frequency vibrations as having different loudness,even when they exhibit the same level of sound pressure. By takingadvantage of this fact, the vibrations 1202 may utilize frequencies suchas those below 500 Hz that provide sufficient energy for detection bythe BC microphone 214 but are below the threshold for perception by theuser 102.

In other implementations, other frequencies may be used. For example,the vibration 1202 may be at ultrasonic frequencies, such as greaterthan or equal to 20,000 Hz.

The vibrations 1202 may be emitted with one or more wave forms. Forexample, the vibrations 1202 may comprise sinusoidal or sine wave forms.In other implementations, different wave forms or frequencies may beused. For example, a square wave form, triangle wave form, or sawtoothwave form may be used.

In another implementation, the vibration 1202 may be generatedresponsive to other audio data, such as playback of an audio file,notification sounds, voice sounds associated with a telephone call, andso forth. The vibration 1202 may be the output by the BC speaker 238with the primary intention being presentation of the audio to the user102. However, the BC mic data 216 may be assessed to determine thepresence of waveforms corresponding to the vibrations 1202 that areoutput by the BC speaker 238. For example, the cross-correlation may beperformed between output data 120 that is being transferred to the BCspeaker 238 for output and the BC mic data 216 obtained at the same timeas the generation of the vibrations 1202. By performing thiscross-correlation, or other techniques to determine if at least aportion of the output data 120 and the BC mic data 216 are similar, theoutput data 120 and its corresponding vibrations 1202 may be used asdescribed to determine the don/doff data 124. Once the similarities havebeen determined, the amplitude of that similar signal as indicated bythe BC mic data 216 may then be assessed with respect to the threshold.

Different heads 104 affect the transmission of the vibrations 1202differently, allowing for identification of a particular user 102. Thevibration 1202 may be used to identify the user 102. The vibration 1202may be emitted at one or more frequencies. The values of the BC mic data216 may be compared with the output data 120 to determine propagationcharacteristics of the head 104. For example, these propagationcharacteristics may include attenuation for particular frequencies,phase changes, time of arrival, and so forth. Propagationcharacteristics may be stored and associated with a particular useridentity, and may later be used for comparison. By comparing currentpropagation characteristics of the head 104 with previously storedpropagation characteristics of the head 104, the particular useridentity may be determined. The comparison may utilize machine learningtechniques, statistical techniques, comparison of one or morethresholds, and so forth. For example, a classifier may be trained torecognize the propagation characteristics of a particular user.

FIG. 13 depicts a graph 1300 of signal amplitude indicated by BC micdata 216 obtained while the BC speaker 238 is emitting a vibration 1202,according to some implementations.

In this graph, time 1302 increases from left to right along a horizontalaxis. Amplitude 1304 is indicated along a vertical axis. Depicted is theBC mic data 216 and a BC speaker vibration 1306. In this illustration,the BC speaker vibration 1306 is depicted as being constant with respectto time 1302. However, it is understood that the BC speaker vibration1306 may be time varying. For example, the BC speaker vibration 1306 maybe present at some times and absent at others. The BC mic data 216indicates an amplitude over time of the BC speaker vibration 1306 asdetected by the BC microphone 214. A threshold 1308 is depicted. If theBC mic data 216 indicates amplitude values that exceed the threshold1308, the processing module 122 may generate don/doff data 124 that isindicative of the HMWD 106 being donned 110. This is because the head104 of the user 102 provides a more effective medium for transmission ofthe vibrations 1202 than the air. If the BC mic data 216 indicatesamplitude values that are less than the threshold 1308, the processingmodule 122 may generate don/doff data 124 that is indicative of the HMWD106 being doffed 112.

In some implementations, the processing module 122 may use a series ofmeasurements of the amplitude 1304 of the BC mic data 216 over time todetermine the don/doff data 124. For example, every 100 ms the BCspeaker 238 may generate a ping vibration 1202 and the BC mic data 216for these times may be assessed. If two or more successive pings arereceived and indicated in the BC mic data 216 as having amplitudes 1304that exceed the threshold 1308, the don/doff data 124 may be generatedthat indicates the HMWD 106 is donned 110.

In another implementation, the processing module 122 may determine ifamplitude values of the BC mic data 216 have remained above or below thethreshold 1308 for a minimum period of time as part of the determinationof the don/doff data 124. For example, the processing module 122 may beconfigured with a threshold minimum period of time of 250 ms. In thisexample, the amplitude of the BC mic data 216 may need to remain abovethe threshold 1308 for at least 250 ms before the determination ofdon/doff data 124 indicative of a donned 110 state is generated.

In other implementations, other characteristics of the BC speakervibration 1306 may be assessed. For example, phase changes between theBC speaker vibration 1306 as emitted and the BC mic data 216 as obtainedmay be used to determine the don/doff data 124.

FIG. 14 depicts a flow diagram 1400 of a process for determiningdon/doff data 124 by analyzing vibrations 1202 emitted from the BCspeaker 238 and detected by the BC microphone 214, according to someimplementations. The process may be implemented at least in part by oneor more of the HMWD 106, the computing device 108, servers 130, or otherdevices. For example, the processing module 122 executing on theprocessor 304 may implement this process.

At 1402, one or more of the BC speakers 238 emit vibrations 1202. Thevibrations 1202 may be emitted at one or more of a particular frequency,pattern, phase, or other characteristic. For example, the processingmodule 122 may generate output data 120 comprising a particular tone tobe presented using the BC speaker 238. In another example, the outputdata 120 may comprise speech, music, or other audio signals that may beintended to provide output to the user 102. In yet another example, theoutput data 120 may be configured to generate a particular pattern ofvibrations 1202. In some implementations, the vibration 1202 may have apredefined duration. For example, the vibration 1202 may be emitted bythe BC speaker 238 for a duration of at least 1000 ms. A minimumduration may be used to produce BC mic data 216 that is deemed to besuitable for subsequent processing by the processing module 122.

At 1404, BC mic data 216 is acquired from the BC microphone 214 at thesame time as the emission of the vibration 1202. The BC mic data 216 isindicative of vibration 1202 detection by the BC microphone 214, and mayinclude information such as the frequency and amplitude of at least aportion of the detected vibrations 1202.

At 1406, an amplitude 1304 of the detected vibrations 1202 at theparticular frequency is determined. For example, the BC mic data 216 maycomprise values that are indicative of the amplitude 1304 of a vibration1202 at a particular frequency, bin, or range of frequencies.

At 1408, the amplitude 1304 of the detected vibrations 1202 is comparedto the threshold 1308. If the amplitude 1304 is greater than or equal tothe threshold 1308, the process proceeds to 1410.

As described above, in some implementations the vibrations 1202 used topresent audio to the user 102 may also be used to determine the don/doffdata 124. For example, the processing module 122 may receive a commandto present audio output using the BC speaker 238. The audio output mayinclude one or more frequencies between 500 Hz and 20,000 Hz. Thevibration 1202 emitted by the BC speaker 238 may then comprise the audiooutput with these one or more frequencies. One or more techniques may beused to determine presence of at least a portion of the audio output inthe BC mic data 216. For example, the audio output may be based onoutput data 120 such as audio of the person speaking, music, and soforth. A cross-correlation function may be used to determine if aportion of the BC mic data 216 and the output data 120 are above athreshold level of similarity. If the portion of the BC mic data 216 andthe output data 120 are deemed to be similar enough, the amplitude 1304of the BC speaker vibration 1306 and the received amplitude 1304 of thevibrations 1202 as represented by the BC mic data 216 may be compared todetermine the don/doff data 124.

At 1410, don/doff data 124 indicative of the HMWD 106 being worn isdetermined.

Returning to 1408, if the amplitude 1304 of the BC mic data 216 is lessthan the threshold 1308, the process proceeds to 1412.

At 1412, don/doff data 124 indicative of the HMWD 106 being doffed 112is determined.

In some implementations, other comparisons or analyses may be performed.For example, as described above, the amplitude 1304 of the vibrations1202 determined in the BC mic data 216 may be assessed to determine ifthe time above or below the threshold 1308 is greater than a thresholdamount of time. In another implementation, a sensor or switch may beused to determine if the HMWD 106 is in the folded or unfoldedconfiguration. For example, when the sensor or switch indicates the HMWD106 is in the folded configuration, don/doff data 124 may be generatedthat is indicative of the HMWD 106 being doffed 112. In oneimplementation, the amplitude 1304 of the detected vibrations 1202 maybe used to determine if the HMWD 106 is in the folded or unfoldedconfiguration.

A classifier may be used to process at least a portion of the BC micdata 216 to determine if the BC mic data 216 is either indicative of theHMWD being donned 110 or doffed 112. The classifier may be trained usingthe BC mic data 216 and data from other sensors or transducers thatindicate don/doff data 124. For example, during training the user 102may provide input on a computing device 108 indicating that they havedonned 110 or doffed 112 the HMWD 106.

One or more of the various techniques described above may be used inconjunction with one another or at different times or in differentoperating modes to determine the don/doff data 124. For example, thetechniques using the FSR sensors 202 may be used to determinepreliminary don/doff data 124 which then may be confirmed using theemission of the vibration 1202 from the BC speaker 238 and reception bythe BC microphone 214. In another example, the don/doff data 124 may bedetermined based on a combination of the techniques using the FSR sensor202 and the analysis of the BC speaker data 240. In another example, allthe techniques may be used in conjunction with one another. The sensordata 116 may be used to modify operation of the various devices. Forexample, if the FSR data 204 is indicative of a change in don/doff data124, the BC speaker 238 may be activated and used to generate thevibration 1202 for detection by the BC microphone 214. In anotherexample, if the BC speaker data 240 is indicative of a change indon/doff data 124, the BC microphone 214 may be activated. Activationmay include, but is not limited to, transitioning a device or componentfrom a low power state to a higher power or operational state.

While the examples described in this disclosure discuss the use andprocessing of digital signals, it is understood that in otherimplementations the signals may be processed in the analog domain, or ina hybrid analog and digital domain. For example, output voltagesproduced by the BC speaker 238 may be provided to analog circuitry thatgenerates a pulse or interrupt signal when a particular voltagethreshold is surpassed.

The processes discussed herein may be implemented in hardware, software,or a combination thereof. In the context of software, the describedoperations represent computer-executable instructions stored on one ormore computer-readable storage media that, when executed by one or moreprocessors, perform the recited operations. Generally,computer-executable instructions include routines, programs, objects,components, data structures, and the like that perform particularfunctions or implement particular abstract data types. Those havingordinary skill in the art will readily recognize that certain steps oroperations illustrated in the figures above may be eliminated, combined,or performed in an alternate order. Any steps or operations may beperformed serially or in parallel. Furthermore, the order in which theoperations are described is not intended to be construed as alimitation.

Embodiments may be provided as a software program or computer programproduct including a non-transitory computer-readable storage mediumhaving stored thereon instructions (in compressed or uncompressed form)that may be used to program a computer (or other electronic device) toperform processes or methods described herein. The computer-readablestorage medium may be one or more of an electronic storage medium, amagnetic storage medium, an optical storage medium, a quantum storagemedium, and so forth. For example, the computer-readable storage mediamay include, but is not limited to, hard drives, floppy diskettes,optical disks, read-only memories (ROMs), random access memories (RAMs),erasable programmable ROMs (EPROMs), electrically erasable programmableROMs (EEPROMs), flash memory, magnetic or optical cards, solid-statememory devices, or other types of physical media suitable for storingelectronic instructions. Further, embodiments may also be provided as acomputer program product including a transitory machine-readable signal(in compressed or uncompressed form). Examples of transitorymachine-readable signals, whether modulated using a carrier orunmodulated, include but are not limited to signals that a computersystem or machine hosting or running a computer program can beconfigured to access, including signals transferred by one or morenetworks. For example, the transitory machine-readable signal maycomprise transmission of software by the Internet.

Separate instances of these programs can be executed on or distributedacross any number of separate computer systems. Thus, although certainsteps have been described as being performed by certain devices,software programs, processes, or entities, this need not be the case anda variety of alternative implementations will be understood by thosehaving ordinary skill in the art.

Specific physical embodiments as described in this disclosure areprovided by way of illustration and not necessarily as a limitation.Those having ordinary skill in the art readily recognize thatalternative implementations, variations, and so forth may also beutilized in a variety of devices, environments, and situations. Althoughthe subject matter has been described in language specific to structuralfeatures or methodological acts, it is to be understood that the subjectmatter defined in the appended claims is not necessarily limited to thespecific features or acts described. Rather, the specific features,structures, and acts are disclosed as exemplary forms of implementingthe claims.

What is claimed is:
 1. A head-mounted wearable device (HMWD) comprising:a frame; a first temple connected to a first side of the frame; a secondtemple connected to a second side of the frame; a first force sensitiveresistor (FSR) on the first temple; a second force sensitive resistor(FSR) on the second temple; a memory storing computer-executableinstructions; and a hardware processor to execute thecomputer-executable instructions to: determine, at a first time, a firstforce measurement value (FMV); determine, at a second time after thefirst time, a second force measurement value (FMV); and based on adifference between the first FMV and the second FMV, generate first dataindicative of whether the HMWD is worn or not worn.
 2. The HMWD of claim1, further comprising computer-executable instructions to: determinethat one or more of the first FMV or the second FMV exceeds a thresholdvalue for a threshold length of time; wherein the first data isindicative of the HMWD being worn.
 3. A device comprising: a first forcesensitive resistor (FSR); a memory storing computer-executableinstructions; and a hardware processor to execute thecomputer-executable instructions to: determine a first force measurementvalue (FMV) that is associated with a first time; determine a secondforce measurement value (FMV) that is associated with a second timeafter the first time; and based on the first FMV and the second FMV,generate first data indicative of whether the device is worn or notworn.
 4. The device of claim 3, further comprising computer-executableinstructions to: determine that a first difference between the first FMVand the second FMV is greater than a threshold value; wherein the secondFMV is greater than the first FMV, and the first data is indicative ofthe device being worn.
 5. The device of claim 3, further comprisingcomputer-executable instructions to: determine that a first differencebetween the first FMV and the second FMV is greater than a thresholdvalue; determine a third force measurement value (FMV) that isassociated with a third time after the second time; and determine that asecond difference between the second FMV and the third FMV is less thanthe threshold value; wherein the second FMV is greater than the firstFMV, and the first data is indicative of the device being worn.
 6. Thedevice of claim 3, further comprising computer-executable instructionsto: determine that a first difference between the first FMV and thesecond FMV is greater than a threshold value; wherein the second FMV isless than the first FMV, and the first data is indicative of the devicebeing not worn.
 7. The device of claim 3, further comprising: a secondforce sensitive resistor (FSR); and computer-executable instructions to:determine, based on the second FSR, a third force measurement value(FMV) that is associated with the first time; determine firstcorrespondence between the first FMV and a threshold value; anddetermine second correspondence between the third FMV and the thresholdvalue; wherein the first data is further based on the firstcorrespondence and the second correspondence.
 8. The device of claim 3,further comprising: a second force sensitive resistor (FSR), wherein thesecond FMV is determined based on the second FSR, and the second time iswithin a threshold length of time of the first time.
 9. The device ofclaim 3, further comprising computer-executable instructions to:determine that one or more of the first FMV or the second FMV exceeds athreshold value for a threshold length of time; wherein the first datais indicative of the device being worn.
 10. The device of claim 3,further comprising: a frame; and a temple connected to a side of theframe, wherein the first FSR is positioned on the temple to detect aforce applied to the temple.
 11. The device of claim 10, wherein thefirst FSR is positioned on an interior side of the temple to detect aforce applied to the interior side.
 12. The device of claim 3, furthercomprising computer-executable instructions to: determine that one ormore of the first FMV or the second FMV is less than a threshold valuefor a threshold length of time; wherein the first data is indicative ofthe device being not worn.
 13. A device comprising: a frame; a firstforce sensitive resistor (FSR) positioned at a first location relativeto the frame; a memory storing computer-executable instructions; and ahardware processor to execute the computer-executable instructions to:determine first data using the first FSR, wherein the first data isindicative of: a first magnitude of a first force, wherein the firstmagnitude is associated with a first time; and a second magnitude of thefirst force, wherein the second magnitude is associated with a secondtime after the first time; and based on the first data, generate seconddata indicative of whether the device is worn or not worn.
 14. Thedevice of claim 13, wherein the first data further includes: a timestampindicative of one or more of the first time or the second time; andinformation indicative of the first FSR.
 15. The device of claim 13,wherein the first FSR comprises a material that changes one or more ofelectrical resistance or conductivity responsive to the first force, andthe first data is determined based on the one or more of electricalresistance or conductivity.
 16. The device of claim 13, furthercomprising: a temple connected to a side of the frame; and a speakerpositioned on the temple; wherein the first force is applied to thespeaker, and at least a portion of the first force is transmitted fromthe speaker to the first FSR.
 17. The device of claim 13, furthercomprising: a bone conduction (BC) speaker physically connected to thefirst FSR, wherein the BC speaker includes a piezoelectric material thatgenerates a signal based on the first force, the first force is appliedto the BC speaker, and at least a portion of the first force istransmitted from the BC speaker to the first FSR; andcomputer-executable instructions to acquire the signal from the BCspeaker; wherein the second data is further based on a characteristic ofthe signal.
 18. The device of claim 13, further comprising: a circuitboard; and a speaker that contacts the circuit board, wherein the firstFSR contacts the speaker.
 19. The device of claim 13, furthercomprising: a second force sensitive resistor (FSR) positioned at asecond location relative to the frame, wherein the second locationdiffers from the first location; and computer-executable instructionsto: determine third data using the second FSR, wherein the third data isindicative of a second magnitude of a second force; wherein the seconddata is further based on the third data.
 20. The device of claim 13,further comprising: a first temple connected to a first side of theframe, wherein the first FSR is positioned on an interior side of thefirst temple.
 21. The device of claim 13, further comprising: a firsttemple connected to a first side of the frame, wherein the first FSR ispositioned on the first temple to detect the first force applied to afirst interior side of the first temple; a second temple connected to asecond side of the frame; a second force sensitive resistor (FSR)positioned on the second temple to detect a second force applied to asecond interior side of the second temple; and computer-executableinstructions to: determine third data using the second FSR, wherein thethird data is indicative of a second magnitude of the second force;wherein the second data is further based on the third data.
 22. Thedevice of claim 13, wherein: the first data is further indicative of: athird magnitude of the first force, wherein the third magnitude isassociated with a third time after the second time; and the devicefurther comprising computer-executable instructions to: determine afirst difference between the first magnitude and the second magnitude;and determine a second difference between the second magnitude and thethird magnitude; wherein the second data is further based on the firstdifference and the second difference.